Behaviourist Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory, And...

The theories/approaches established by historical and contemporary pioneers provide valuable insight, underpinning the understanding of how children develop, allowing teachers to enhance the holistic development of every child. This essay will analyse the: behaviourist theory; cognitive-developmental theory; and socio-cultural theory. Behaviourist Theory Behaviourists regard behaviour as a response to a stimulus; pioneering the belief that internal cognitive processes are unnecessary when explaining behaviour. This view is supported by the behaviourist John Locke who proposed that children are born as ‘blank slates’ (‘tabula rasa’) whereby children are shaped by experience (Neaum, 2010). The behaviourist approach assumes that the process of learning is the same in all species; therefore concluding that human and animals learn in similar ways. Early behaviourists include Edward Thorndike, Edward Tolman and Edwin Guthrie conducted experiments on animals, under carefully observed conditions (Collin, 2011). However the three theorists, most associated with behaviourism are: Ivan Pavlov, John Watson and B.F. Skinner. These theorists identified two types of associative learning: classical and operant conditioning; these methods underpin the behaviourist perspective. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian psychologist who inadvertently discovered classical conditioning; a way to view the functioning of the nervous system, this remains his greatest psychological contributionShow MoreRelatedSocio Cultural Theory And Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe two theorists that I have chosen to compare are Vygotsky for his work on the socio-cultural theory and Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory. The socio-cultural theory focuses on how norms, culture, beliefs and values are passed onto the next generation in a society (Berk, 2007). Piaget was the first psychologist to study cognitive development and described his work as genetic epistemology. He was concerned with how essential concepts such as the idea of time, numbers, justice etc. arose (SieglerRead MoreChildren Are Wearing Christmas Hats And Doing Cooking797 Words   |  4 Pagesof childhood so that children are given time and space to participate in different activities and learning. In this imaging of the child, we allow children to participate in cooking which can promote their fine motor skills and cognitive development. From the developmental perspective, cooking is one of the ideal activities that benefit children to engage in as it stimulates all the senses and each area of development (Beaver Brewster, 2002, p.39). In the image, children are using a rolling pinRead MoreExplain the Principal Psychological Perspectives Applied to the Understanding of the Development of Individuals7716 Words   |  31 Pagespsychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals * D1 Evaluate the principal psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals There are numerous debates in regards to developmental psychology. One of the main debates to begin with is nature vs nurture; some individuals believe that we are products of our environment while others regards us while others believe that we are products of our genetics. John Locke believes thatRead MoreNormative Development3160 Words   |  13 Pageslaws were devised, and objective and quantitative measurements of isolated variables analysed. Theories of development emerged and have continued throughout history, providing organization, and â€Å"a lens through which researchers can interpret and explain any number of specific facts or observations† (Sigelman amp; Rider, 2012, p. 32). In postulating what is seen as ‘normative’ development, these theories provide a model or map from which science and society are largely influenced. Normative developmentRead MoreThe Main Components Of Language Development981 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage s sound system and the importance of certain sounds for conveying meaning†. Maturationalists state that language occurs when the child has reached biological readiness, unfolding in a predetermined fashion (Fellowes Oakley, 2014, p. 50). Behaviourists believe children learn to understand language through classical conditioning, children learn to associate objects or actions with words within their environment. When repeated, links are formed assisting the association with speech (Fellowes Read MoreThe Processes by Which Genes and Environment Operate Together to Influence Development1597 Words   |  7 Pagesor environment. The British philosopher John Locke (1632 –1704) proposed one of the first theories in the seventeenth century. Locke believed that a child was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning â€Å"blank slate†) and that everything the child learns comes from experience, nothing is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin (1809 –82) brought forth his theory of evolution, which argued that human behaviour is best understood through knowledge of itsRead MoreTo What Extent Do the ‘Grand Theories’ Discussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 Take Account of the Role of Social Experiences in Child Development?2467 Words   |  10 Pageswhat extent do the ‘grand theories’ discussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 take account of the role of social experiences in child development? Ask any parent about their child’s development, and they’ll often talk about speech and language development, gross motor skills or even physical growth. But a child’s social development—her ability to interact with other children and adults—is a critical piece of the development puzzle. Children’s Development is a social and cultural as well as a biologicalRead MoreInclusion Of Children With Disabilities1979 Words   |  8 Pagesaffected by the way we approach our working lives with the children, the community and the families. Many educators have their own theories, some will be based by Montessori (Developmental), Piaget and Vygotsky (Psychosocial Developmental), Steiner (Developmental), Bowlby, Erikson (Cognitive) Bronfenbrenner (Socio-cultural), Rogoff (Socio-Cultural), Skinner (Socio-Behaviourist), Habermas (Critical) or Focault (Post-Structuralist). All of the mentioned above theorists have a different outlook or meaningRead MoreLiteracy Is The Foundation Of Every Student s Learning Essay1956 Words   |  8 Pages comprehensive, integrated, and dynamic, in that it empowers teachers and specialists to respond to the individual assessed literacy needs of children as they relate to their appropriate instructional developmental levels of decoding, vocabu lary, reading comprehension, motivation and socio-cultural acquisition, with the purpose of learning to read for meaning, understanding and joy (as cited in Nugent, Gannon, Mullan O’Rourke, 2015, p. 9). A balanced literacy approach to reading requires that studentsRead MoreFirst Relationships Essay1804 Words   |  8 Pagesinfant. Meshing can be seen to have strong links with behaviourism because of the influence of the environment. The mother reinforces and the child’s actions are rewarded, praised and encouraged to some extent and this is a major theory of behaviourism. Behaviourism sees the importance of the child being tutored as in meshing when the mother tutors her child. Although behaviourism does not explain the internal processes of learning on the part of the child’s own interpretation

Informative Speech over Immigration - 929 Words

As an individual who has witnessed family friends of immigrants that came to this country over 20 years ago in hope of a better future. I understand why so many immigrants are willing to cross a border so dangerous and treacherous to reach a country that is called the land of opportunities. What we call The Unites States of America the land of the free. An average of 2,700 illegal immigrants are willing to cross the border each day leaving there families and risking their own lifes to cross to the US. Mostly in the news we tend to hear only the superficial fact but never the real facts or the stories of the capture immigrants. If we would just take time to listen to the real stories of what I called the unforgotten children and women. We†¦show more content†¦Many are single mothers that are not able to feed their kids and they look up north for hope. Is this the cost women should have to make in other to have a chance at freedom or a better future? Many immigrants’ wo men have to sell their bodies to pay the coyotes that cross them over to the U. S. and the ones that refuse we can find their bodies in a ditch unrecognizable. All that is left is a cross with an empty name. The economy in their countries is so bad that many immigrant/individuals are willing to risk their life to give better future to their families. Immigrants are individuals who are trying to improve their life styles for their families within the economy, escape prosecution of gangs, and looking for more in their future. Everyone should have a chance to stay in the United States of America since we are all immigrants. We all travel from all different countries to make the U.S. what is today. Immigrants are not just people trying to take jobs like many say or criminals that the news makes it seem. Each individual has a story to tell. Some are just like you and me or children that are like our little brothers or sisters. Some are women and men like our mothers and fathers that giv e their life for the best of theirShow MoreRelatedEssay on Informative Speech on Arizona Bill1391 Words   |  6 PagesElina Bagga Informative Speech Outline SP 211 07/19/2010 Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about the controversy over the Arizona Bill SB1070. Strategic Order: Topical Main Points: I. Arizona passed a new law which grants the local police greater authority to check the immigration status of people they stop. II. The controversy is whether the Justice Department, Immigration Advocates, and citizens believe this law is unconstitutionalRead MoreSample Informative Outline On International Adoption1063 Words   |  5 PagesExample Informative Preparation Outline Template I. INTRODUCTION A. Gain the audience’s attention: Did you know statistics show that over 20,000 children are adopted into the United States annually. B. Thesis: (In one sentence, state exactly what the speech is about.) In today’s society more people have chosen to adopt from foreign countries. C. Preview of Main Points: (How many main points will you have and what exactly are they?) Today I am going to inform you about†¦. 1.The History of internationalRead MoreMy Public Speaking Class About The Americanization Of Chinese Food1535 Words   |  7 Pages Prof Kennedy. Public speaking September 30, 2016 Informative speech Topic: Chinese Cuisine in America Specific Purpose: To inform my public speaking class about the Americanization of Chinese Food. Thesis: Although Chinese Cuisine may have some roots from China, it has become Americanized thorough out theRead MoreAmerica s The New York Times1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe New York Times has been around for over 150 years and has solid 58,000 issues during that time. In our current day, they use not only the paper to reach the public, but also have online media context for more modern-day viewers. With this outreach, they are able to be a news source for the entire world. Similarly to Facebook’s trending topics, The New York Times’s front page is mainly political. For example, one of the stories featured on the front page, Veterans Feel the Cost of U.S. NuclearRead More A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller as a Tragedy Essay example2818 Words   |  12 Pageswrong. This makes it difficult for him to take good advice when given. Eventually Eddie cannot take the thought of losing Catherine to Rodolfo, he phones the immigration bureau and tells them about Rodolfo and Marco. When the immigration officers come and take Rodolfo and Marco. Marco realises that Eddie was the one who told the immigration officers about them being illegal immigrants. 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Developing a Survey Instrument Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Useful Method of Data Collection within Business and Management Research. Answer: Introduction Researchers always desire to collect the most accurate data possible to substantiate, justify, or test their hypothesis. Enabling such milestones in a study requires the use of an effective survey instrument that conforms to the requirements of the data to be collected. Although choosing the right tool can be at times challenging, the underlining factors remain to be efficiency, reliability, compatibility, and cost of the surveying tools to be used (Lee, Vargo Seville, 2013, p.34). Depending on the population under study, its composition regarding gender, cultural practices, and literacy levels will dictate the best tools to be used to extract data from it. Even though, there are still more challenges that make developing an effective survey instrument intricate and involving. Accordingly, most researchers will opt to undertake a pilot study first to test the efficiency of the data collection tools he/she intends to use. Challenges in Developing Survey Instruments Just like any undertaking, developing tools for data collections also have difficulties. This makes the process involving and demanding high levels of accuracies or making informed decisions on the instruments to be used. Since survey instruments are meant to collect data from the whole population, their precision has to be upbeat for a better outcome. In essence, any study involving the collection of data whether qualitative or quantitative needs pre-tested tools for better results (Ahern, Gardner Courtney, 2016, p. 26). However, several issues make the development process of designing survey instruments challenging. Compatibility Depending on the nature of the data that needs to be collected, developing the appropriate tools can become a challenging task. For instance, when both qualitative and quantitative data is required, the instrument should be compatible with the forms of the various data. Although the leading questions can be used to obtain critical information concerning both types of data, it is usually not enough for the whole set of data needed (Bishop Verleger, 2013, p. 8). Considering the data analysis procedure to be used by a researcher, the instrument used should be able to gather the datatypes needed. Such a requirement while designing a survey instrument makes the process even more complicated and challenging to the research despite the research questions being ready. For example, when a researcher wishes to use a questionnaire in collecting data, it has to be developed in a way that all the information collected is relevant to the study. If nominal, ordinal, and scale variable datatypes ar e needed, I have to have the ability to be able to gather all data in the one instrument. Composition of the Population In most cases, when undertaking a study, there is human involvement in the process. Accordingly, their structure affects the nature and type of the instrument to use while extracting information from them. Since precision is the key consideration while obtaining data from the study population, the tools should match both social and ethical requirements (Srensen, 2013, p. 948). Furthermore, the literacy levels of the population sometimes make it impossible to use some types of instruments or make their preparation more difficult. For instance, when an online questionnaire is to be used to source data from a particular population, the development process will be complex and arduous. This is because the forms have to be made compatible with all existing operating systems and the contents are also comprehensible by the whole population. Such a requirement makes the development process of such a survey instrument not only challenging but also time-consuming and sometimes costly. Reliability Reliableness of data collecting tools is among the top concerns of any researcher who wants to collect data from the whole population. While designing a survey instrument, the focus is always on making sure its use will yield accurate results. According to Iliopoulou, Kitchell, and Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan (2013, p. 1682), the development procedure of a research tool becomes challenging when its reliability is challenged by human-induced factors such as culture, religion, education or even geographical locations. In instances where there is a cosmopolitan community without a common language, designing the instrument even becomes more challenging as it will need expertise from the various ethnic groups to ensure the contents are the same despite the differences in the language used. Other than challenges caused by human factors, some organizational requirements may require some authorisations particularly when its employees are to be part of it. In this case, the researcher will need to have the data collection tools accompanied by authorization materials especially when financial or medical information is to be collected (Iliopoulou, Kitchell, and Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, 2013, p. 1685),. For this reason, the whole procedure becomes challenging and makes it consume more time than it might be expected. Validation of the Instrument In testing the effectiveness of the survey instrument before its actual use, several errors may emerge necessitating immediate changes. In fact, even after correcting the flaws noticed during the pilot study, more errors may still be present only to be identified later when the instrument is being used. According to Akter, DAmbra, and Ray (2013, p. 184), validating data collection tool literally takes more than just ensuring all the research questions are presented in the research tool for presentation to the target population. It should account for the acceptability of the language used and confidentiality of information that will be gathered. Essentially, ensuring that the data collection instrument does not have loopholes that can lead to the identification of responded has to be forefront. However, in some instances, it becomes apparent to let the instruments be able to capture data that can identify the respondents mostly in the cases where a health related study is being undert aken (Akter, DAmbra Ray, 2013, p. 185) Generally, the tasks that are accompanied with developing research instruments can be challenging if there the one preparing does not have adequate knowledge of the population he/she intends to use for the study. Again, depending on what the research questions are, the instrument can be difficult to design. For instance, when using a questionnaire that uses either the Cronbach or Likert scale, deciding on allocations of the corresponding scores or degrees increases the complexity in developing the tool (Bunton, 2016, p. 1183). Therefore, it is essential for a researcher to ensure that he/she is sure of the variables and their possible measurement scale so that it can be easier to design a reliable, compatible and valid survey instrument. Strategies and Principles for Developing an Effective Survey Instrument The accuracy and dependability of surveying tools in collecting data from the field is a concern to many organizations/individuals. Developing the right instrument has always posed a challenge to many but with the input of some strategies, cross-checking and ensuring that the tools are valid can solve the whole problem. According to McCoach, Gable, and Madura (2013), the idea of having an effective survey instrument relies on the strategies and the key principles that guide its development and use. For this reason, some key strategies that ensure a survey instrument is valid, effective and reliable for use exists. Checking Content Validity While developing research work, there are always certain aspects that needs to be met to make the all the information presented is consistent with the topic under study. One way of addressing this issue is developing survey instruments that explicitly integrate all the contents of the research. Starting with the statement of the problem, objectives of the study and in some instances research questions and hypothesis, a good instrument should focus on answering/conforming to the requirements of these sections. Although in some scenarios it may not be possible of including all the contents of the research instrument fully, there is always room for a bigger percentage of including the critical details (Hess, et.al, 2013, p. 25). It is thus paramount to ensure that the contents of the instrument are valid and consistent with the research questions. Logical Sequencing of Questions Among the greatest determinant of an effective survey tool is how it is designed to systematically answer the research questions without overriding information (Jnese, et.al, 2015). Due to this fact, most researchers opt to break their data collection instruments into sections/parts that prepare the respondents to present information under certain categories one at a time. For instance, a questionnaire or an interview can have categories of questions ranging from, demographic, education, social well-being, and other information types clustered together for consistency in information recording. This not only makes the instrument more efficient but also aids in easy data entry from the collection tools after the data gathering exercise (Bruck Towns, 2013, p. 689). Checking Internal Consistency Depending on the type of issues to be addressed in the survey instrument, checking on the uniformity of the scale for measuring items of the same concept is essential. All the elements or concepts in a particular set of questions need to use the same scale that measures the variables involved. For instance, when measuring satisfaction on various issues as education, trade, social responsibility, and economic conditions, the same scale needs to be used so that the information obtained can be consistent and easier to interpret. In such a case, measures such as low, moderate, and high can be used to measure the levels of satisfaction. As pointed out by (Preibusch, 2013, p. 1139), observational type of instruments may not necessarily rely on written questions, but the researcher undertaking the observation must have in mind a picture of what low, moderate or high means so as to gauge the levels accurately. Such considerations while designing how the instrument is going to be used is an e ssential feature of an effective survey tool. Choice of Language and Tone It is worth noting that no subject in a survey study is compelled to provide information for the research. In fact, respondents answer questions asked if they are only willing to participate. When an offending language is used in the research instrument, there are higher possibilities of the interviewees shying away in answering some of the questions asked (Mola, 2013, p. 712). For instance a phrase like.Can you provide your demographic details here only sound more of demanding than requesting. In such a case, an effective way of showing a respective tone could be Please enter/provide the following demographic details about you. This sounds more friendly that the previous phrase. It is thus vital to decide on the choice of words to be used to deliver the contents of the survey instrument. Furthermore, using a harsh tone reduces the chances of being offered the correct information by the respondents from the study population (Greene, et.al, 2016, p. 137). Developing a Mixed Set of Questions While it remains relevant to consider short and precise questions in a survey instrument, it should also give room for both closed and open-ended questions. The nature pf the data needed will always determine how the questions will be sequenced. According to Young and Bryan (2015, p. 8), designing an instrument that gives a chance for respondents to give a personal account of certain issues as required by the research provides a more realistic and real image of the issue being addressed. Unlike the close-ended questions, allowing participants to inject their personal observations also increases the chances of obtaining information that is more accurate. Despite the fact that it takes the time to complete open set of questions, it is still vital to include both at ago in the survey instrument to make it more effective and reliable (Linsky, et.al, 2016, p. 747). Conclusion The primary challenge when designing a survey instrument is said to be compatibility, reliability and validity issues. Researchers find it hard to entirely develop a sound and upbeat instrument without letting undergo pre-testing procedure. Even after the pilot study and modifications, certain deficiencies that are unnoticed may still present at a later stage. However, by employing some strategies, one can develop an effective survey instrument that can be used to collect data from the study population without raising any ethical, validity or accuracy issues. Such strategies may include; checking the tone used, the arrangement of the questions and consistency of information on the instrument. Reference List Ahern, T., Gardner, A., and Courtney, M. (2016). Development, face validity and reliability testing of a survey instrument to explore the role of the Australian breast care nurse.Australian Journal of Cancer Nursing.17(1), p.26. Akter, S., DAmbra, J. and Ray, P. (2013). Development and validation of an instrument to measure user perceived service quality of Health. Information Management, 50(4), pp.181-195. Bishop, J.L., and Verleger, M.A.(2013), June. The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. InASEE National Conference Proceedings, Atlanta, GA, 30(9), pp. 1-18. Bunton, S.A. (2016). Using Qualitative Research as a Means to an Effective Survey Instrument.Academic Medicine,91(8), p.1183. Bruck, A.D., and Towns, M. (2013). Development, implementation, and analysis of a national survey of faculty goals for undergraduate chemistry laboratory.Journal of Chemical Education,90(6), pp.685-693. Greene, L.M., Royal, K.D., Bradley, J.M., Lascelles, B.D.X., Johnson, L.R. and Hawkins, E.C. (2016). The severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease Questionnaire for Canine Idiopathic Rhinitis Control: Instrument Development and Initial Validity Evidence.Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 31, pp.134141. doi:10.1111/jvim.14629 Hess, S.Y., Brown, K.H., Sablah, M., Engle-Stone, R., Aaron, G.J., and Baker, S.K. (2013). Results of Fortification Rapid Assessment Tool (FRAT) surveys in sub-Saharan Africa and suggestions for future modifications of the survey instrument.Food and nutrition bulletin,34(1), pp.21-38. Iliopoulou, M.A., Kitchell, B.E. and Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V. (2013). Development of a survey instrument to assess health-related quality of life in small animal cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,242(12), pp.1679-1687. Jnese, J., Heinmki, J., Arro, A., Meren, U.H. and Volmer, D. (2015). Development and piloting of a survey instrument for evaluating the impact of multi-dose dispensing on medication adherence.Dosis, 31 (2015), p. 4. Lee, A.V., Vargo, J., and Seville, E. (2013). Developing a tool to measure and compare organizations resilience.Natural hazards review,14(1), pp.29-41. Linsky, A., Simon, S.R., Stolzmann, K., Bokhour, B.G., and Meterko, M. (2016). Prescribers' perceptions of medication discontinuation: survey instrument development and validation.The American journal of managed care,22(11), p.747. McCoach, D.B., Gable, R.K. and Madura, J.P. (2013).Instrument development in the affective domain. New York, NY: Springer. Molla, A., (2013). Identifying IT sustainability performance drivers: Instrument development and validation.Information Systems Frontiers,15(5), pp.705-723. Preibusch, S., (2013). Guide to measuring privacy concerns: Review of the survey and observational instruments.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,71(12), pp.1133-1143. Srensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Pelikan, J.M., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Slonska, Z., Kondilis, B., Stoffels, V., Osborne, R.H. and Brand, H. (2013). Measuring health literacy in populations: illuminating the design and development process of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q).BMC public health,13(1), p.948. Young, A. and Bryan, J., (2015). The school counselor leadership survey: instrument development and exploratory factor analysis.Professional School Counseling,19(1), pp.1-15.